![]() Antibiotics, including streptomycin and gentamicin, are recommended to effectively treat the different types of plague. Laboratory evidence includes detection by bacterial culture and antigen, antibody, and nucleic acid testing. According to the World Health Organization guideline, plague can be diagnosed as a suspected, presumptive, or confirmed case based on different kinds of evidence. Other rare forms of plague, such as cutaneous or gastrointestinal plague, have also been reported. Clinically, plague primarily manifests as bubonic, pneumonic, or septicemic plague. Bioterrorism attacks can also intentionally result in plague epidemics through aerosol release or infected animals/fleas. pestis to close contacts by severe coughing. Patients with pneumonic plague can spread Y. Plague can be transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected flea, close contact with animals suffering from plague, or respiratory droplets of an infected animal. ![]() Plague is a zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis, whose natural life cycle includes rodents and fleas. Transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of plague. ![]() This review intends to provide practical information for clinical staff to recognize plague early and provide effective treatment and prevention ( Fig. Since 2001, 14 major outbreaks have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) ( ), mainly from Africa and Asia. Now, natural plague foci are widely distributed in Asia, Eurasia, Africa, and the greater American region. In ancient times, plague spread was associated with human activities, such as maritime trading and the Silk Road, etc., which could transport fleas associated with live rodents and/or products that led to the plague spread ( 5, 6). The pathogen responsible for these three pandemics has been exclusively attributed to Yersinia pestis, according to high-throughput genome sequencing using ancient human remains ( 3, 4). Plague caused three major outbreaks in human history, changing the path of our civilization. Unfortunately, most modern clinical doctors neglect this notorious disease, although it is also a select agent with bioterrorism potential ( 2). ![]() ![]() Although plague is not common, it remains clinically important because natural plague foci are widely distributed throughout the world ( 1). ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |